Compensation Management Essay

Compensation Management is an integral part of the management of he organization. Compensation is a systematic approach to providing monetary value to employees in exchange for work performed. It may achieve several purposes assisting in recruitment, job performance, and job satisfaction. It is the remuneration received by an employee in return for his/her contribution to the organization. It is an organized practice that involves balancing the work-employee relation by providing monetary and non-monetary benefits to employees. It is a tool used by management for a variety of purposes to further the existence and growth of the company. It may be attuned according to economic scenario, the business needs, goals, and available resources. Compensation Management contributes to the overall success of the organization in several ways. To be effective, the managers must appreciate the value of competitive pay, their human resources, and have an investment view of payroll costs. We want to maintain pay levels that attract and retain quality employees while recognizing the need to manage payroll costs. The increasing competitiveness of the labour market and turnover of employees had resulted in nightmare in compensation planning. Apart from this, the growing demands of the employees and competitive salaries offered by multinational companies had almost resulted in a compensation war in certain industries. Therefore, the human resources managers and tax experts have to evolve proper compensation planning for High end and qualified employees. The components of compensation have to be devised in such a way that, it focuses on the growing demands of employees while retaining the competitiveness and profitability of the company. Compensation management, also known as wage and salary administration, remuneration management, or reward management, is concerned with designing and implementing total compensation package. The traditional concept of wage and salary administration emphasised on only determination of wage and salary structures in organisational settings. Pay is a difficult topic of conversation in most organizations. In fact, the topic is altogether taboo in many workplaces. It simply isn’t discussed unless absolutely necessary. And, when it is necessary, such as when a pay raise (or lack of one) must be xplained to an employee, many managers find themselves at a loss for words. As the dreaded date of such a discussion approaches, managers may begin checking their sick time banks to see if they can disappear for a day or two. While it may be a touchy subject, pay is a critical factor in the work lives of employees. Jobs are accepted or rejected based in part on starting salary and the opportun ity for future increases in pay. Employees compare their pay to that of others in the same line of work. They constantly compare their pay level to their level of contribution, trying to determine whether the ratio of give and receive is a fair one. While it may not be a frequent topic of open discussion, employees think about pay often. Components of compensation:- Basic wages/Salaries:- These refer to the cash component of the wage structure based on which other elements of compensation may be structured. It is normally a fixed amount which is subject to changes based on annual increments or subject to periodical pay hikes. Wages represent hourly rates of pay, and salary refers to the monthly rate of pay, irrespective of the number of hours put in by the employee. Wages and salaries are subject to the annual increments. They differ from employee to employee, and depend upon the nature of job, seniority, and merit. Dearness allowance:- The payment of dearness allowance facilitates employees and workers to face the price increase or inflation of prices of goods and services consumed by him. The onslaught of price increase has a major bearing on the living conditions of the labour. The increasing prices reduce the compensation to nothing and the money’s worth is coming down based on the level of inflation. The payment of dearness allowance, which may be a fixed percentage on the basic wage, enables the employees to face the increasing rices. Incentives:- Incentives are paid in addition to wages and salaries and are also called ‘payments by results’. Incentives depend upon productivity, sales, profit, or cost reduction efforts. There are: (a) Individual incentive schemes, and (b) Group incentive programmes. Individual incentives are applicable to specific employee performance. Where a given task demands group efforts for completion, incentives are paid to the group as a whole. The amount is later divided among group members on an equitable basis. Bonus:- The bonus can be paid in different ways. It can be fixed percentage on the basic wage paid annually or in proportion to the profitability. The Government also prescribes a minimum statutory bonus for all employees and workers. There is also a bonus plan which compensates the Managers and employees based on the sales revenue or Profit margin achieved. Bonus plans can also be based on piece wages but depends upon the productivity of labour. Non-monetary benefits:- These benefits give psychological satisfaction to employees even when financial benefit is not available. Such benefits are: (a) Recognition of merit through certificate, etc. (b) Offering challenging job responsibilities, (c) Promoting growth prospects, (d) Comfortable working conditions, (e) Competent supervision, and (f) Job sharing and flexi-time. Commissions:- Commission to Managers and employees may be based on the sales revenue or profits of the company. It is always a fixed percentage on the target achieved. For taxation purposes, commission is again a taxable component of compensation. The payment of commission as a component of commission is practised heavily on target based sales. Depending upon the targets achieved, companies may pay a commission on a monthly or periodical basis. Mixed plans:- Companies may also pay employees and others a combination of pay as well as commissions. This plan is called combination or mixed plan. Apart from the salaries paid, the employees may be eligible for a fixed percentage of commission upon achievement of fixed target of sales or profits or Performance objectives. Nowadays, most of the corporate sector is following this practice. This is also termed as variable component of compensation. Piece rate wages:- Piece rate wages are prevalent in the manufacturing wages. The laborers are paid wages for each of the Quantity produced by them. The gross earnings of the labour would be equivalent to number of goods produced by them. Piece rate wages improves productivity and is an absolute measurement of productivity to wage structure. The fairness of compensation is totally based on the productivity and not by other qualitative factors. Fringe benefits:- Fringe benefits may be defined as wide range of benefits and services that employees receive as an integral part of their total compensation package. They are based on critical job factors and performance. Fringe benefits constitute indirect compensation as they are usually extended as a condition of employment and not directly related to performance of concerned employee. Fringe benefits are supplements to regular wages received by the workers at a cost of employers. They include benefits such as paid vacation, pension, health and insurance plans, etc. Such benefits are computable in terms of money and the amount of benefit is generally not predetermined. The purpose of fringe benefits is to retain efficient and capable people in the organisation over a long period. They foster loyalty and acts as a security base for the employees. Profit Sharing: – Profit-sharing is regarded as a steppingstone to industrial democracy. Profit-sharing is an agreement by which employees receive a share, fixed in advance of the profits. Profit-sharing usually involves the determination of an organisation’s profit at the end of the fiscal year and the distribution of a percentage of the profits to the workers qualified to share in the earnings. The percentage to be shared by the workers is often predetermined at the beginning of the work period and IS often communicated to the workers so that they have some knowledge of their potential gains. To enable the workers to participate in profit-sharing, they are required to work for certain number of years and develop some seniority. The theory behind profit-sharing is that management feels its workers will fulfill their responsibilities more diligently if they realise that their efforts may result in higher profits, which will be returned to the workers through profit-sharing. Approaches of compensation management There are 3P approach of developing a compensation policy centered on the fundamentals of paying for Position, Person and Performance. Drawing from external market information and internal policies, this program helps establish guidelines for an equitable grading structure, determine capability requirements and creation of short and long-term incentive plans. The 3P approach to compensation management supports a company’s strategy, mission and objectives. It is highly proactive and fully integrated into a company’s management practices and business strategy. The 3P system ensures that human resources management plays a central role in management decision making and the achievement of business goals. Paying for position Paying for person Paying for performance Because it is so important to employees, the issue of pay deserves to be clearly addressed. In spite of their hesitance, managers are capable of dealing with this sometimes difficult issue in a professional and effective manner. By keeping the following basic points about pay in mind, they can address virtually any pay-related topic with their employees in a professional and productive manner. Specificity is Key Pay is a topic with many different shades and a variety of implications. Whenever approaching the subject, it is important to work out the details beforehand so that specifics can be clearly communicated. For the manager, this means that the increase amount is nailed down before discussing a promotion with an employee. No chance of misunderstanding or false expectations can be permitted. Far too often, managers are apt to discuss generalities. â€Å"It will mean a good increase. † What exactly does that mean in terms of the employee’s monthly budget? If care is not taken here, good news can become the source of conflict and resentment. By the same token, if asked for a raise, the manager should request that the employee suggest a specific number that he believes reflects his value. Once the employee provides that number, the manager can do his homework and decide what, if anything can be done. The employee can then be given a definitive response. Pay is Relative What one employee considers a fantastic increase maybe an insult to another? Each individual has a unique set of creativity and competencies. Pay should be based on the performance, position and the competencies/skills the person is having. Pay is Not Created Equal Various forms of pay have different purposes. The two most common forms of direct cash compensation in most companies are base pay and bonus. Base pay is the annual salary or hourly wage paid to an employee given the job he holds, While bonus is typically (or at least should be) rewarded based on the achievement of a goal of the organization. Discussions about bonus payments should be as specific as possible. This is the opportunity to point out particular accomplishments that contributed to overall team or company success. Even if the bonus is paid to all employees based on a simple overall company profit target, the manager should use the opportunity to point out specifically how individual employees helped achieve that target. Distributing bonus checks presents a unique motivational opportunity for a manager. Handing money to an employee while discussing actions and behaviors he would like to see repeated, creates a powerful link between performance and reward. Discussions about base pay increases can be a bit different. Most companies claim to link their annual base pay increases to performance. In reality, however, base pay decisions take into account a variety of factors, including the relative pay of others in the same job, the company’s increase budget, market practices and where the individual falls within his pay range. Even when performance is a factor, the manager is faced with the difficult task of evaluating an entire year’s worth of activity and then categorizing it according to the percentage increase options allowed by the budget. It becomes very difficult to pinpoint specific employee actions or accomplishments as the reason for the increase. For these reasons, it’s appropriate for the discussion about base pay increases to be more general and balanced. Both strengths and weaknesses of the employee should be addressed. The actual increase is then based on an overall assessment, as opposed to a link with one or two specific outcomes. Any other factors that impact the increase percent, such as budget or pay range should be openly discussed as well. Development of a Compensation Philosophy All organizations pay according to some underlying philosophy about jobs and the people who do them. This philosophy may not be in writing, but it certainly exists. Pay maybe treated in a formal and structured manner at one company. At another, any appearance of structure is intentionally avoided so that decisions can be made arbitrarily. Either way, the approach taken reflects a fundamental belief about people, motivation and management. Before an organization actually develops a compensation plan, there are several questions that need to be answered. Taking the time to consider and answer these questions will make the both the process of developing and administering a compensation plan much easier and will result in the development of a compensation plan that more closely matches the organization’s goals and objectives. Managers often want to view each individual as a separate case. It is important to understand, however, that employees operate within a compensation system. A manager is wise to take the time to learn as much as possible about his company’s compensation system.

Analysis of Edward Albee’s Whose Afraid of Virginia Woolf?

According to Edward Albee, Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? aims to examine whether American society was able to â€Å"live up to the principles of the American Revolution† (qtd in Bottoms 16). In another interview, he noted that the play stands as a response to O’Neill’s The Iceman Cometh, a response that acknowledges that the denial of the self leads to fiction and prevents the acceptance of reality (qtd in Bottoms 46). In this sense, one might state that aforementioned play serves as a critique to the way of life led within American societies as it enables and tolerates the denial of reality through the creation of fictitious images of American culture. This is evident if one considers the similarities between the characters within the play. George and Martha stand as representations of the effects of the rapid shifts in the industrial, social, and historical climate within the United States to the individual. Nick and Honey, on the other hand represent the effects of these changes to the individuals whose existence started during this period. Within the play, George stands as the epitome of the individual whose commitment to life the self and to others has been deprecated by his career as an associate professor of history in New England. Martha, on the hand, stands as the embodiment of the angry, strong, and frustrated individual. The couple’s identities were emphasized by their counterparts Nick and Honey. Within the play, Nick represents the opportunistic superficial individual. Like George, who is also a professor, Nick is a new biologist instructor in the college. His wife, Honey, on the other hand is the daughter of a rich family who like Martha is plagued with hatred and terror which may be traced to her husband’s treatment. These feelings are veiled with a pretense of laughter. The characters, within the text, thereby portray distraught individuals who are continuously being destroyed by their pretenses and their failure to accept and realize their selves. Such a realization, however, was achieved by the protagonists (George and Martha) as they were able negotiate their identities as well as the recent failure of their marriage. Note for example that the initial part of the play portrays George and Martha as being engaged in verbal battle. Martha describes her husband as â€Å"A FLOP! A great†¦big†¦fat†¦FLOP† (Albee 84). The later part of the novel, however, shows an end to the verbal battle between the couple as the chasm between illusion and reality has finally been crossed. The question posed by George in the initial part of the play was answered. He states, â€Å"Truth and illusion. Who knows the difference? † (Albee 201). It seems, only those who can accept a life without illusions, one purely founded upon reality can know the difference and in effect can live a ‘real’ life. In the initial part of the essay, it was mentioned that Albee’s purpose for writing the play was to show the American society’s failure to live up to the ideals of the revolution. This failure lies in our failure to go beyond our pre-fabricated illusions. Our failure to face reality as is.

A Feeling of Accomplishment

I’ve always been a not so active person and didn’t like big changes. But this time I couldn’t do anything about it, I was going to high school. The first thing I noticed was that the school was very small and in a huge building. I had so many different teachers and they all asked for different stuff, but everything was normal. A new year, a new starting point in my life, and I had to become active. It took me a couple of months to realize that I had to try something new.There was an old man around his 50’s always walking around the hallway. His name was Mr. Rey .He use to wear formal clothes, brown dressing pants with a blue Civil Air Patrol shirt, and some black shoes. He seemed nice but I didn’t dare talking to him. Until one day, he came to my History class and gave us a speech about flight. It was just like a sleeping pill almost half of the class felt asleep and I was trying my best to stay awake. It was around two months later when some friends convinced me to join the flight program after school. The first few week I was absolutely lost, and plus I had to hear him tell me the same thing over and over again. Every day after class he told me about all the opportunities, activities and trips we had, and about how I was supposed to try my best. All this made me feel like I needed to understand what he was talking about during class, but it was harder then what it seemed like. I hated being the outsider, I felt dumb and the worst part was that I wanted to learn, but like they say â€Å"Everything is hard until you learn it, then it becomes easy†. Time passed by fast, I already had about five months in the program and it was time to try the real thing. After class Mr. Rey told me I was flying on the upcoming Saturday, all this made me feel nauseous. I just glanced at him and wanted to say no, but words didn’t come out my mouth. On my way home I asked myself how I had gone so far, why didn’t I quit when I felt dumb. Two days until Saturday and I was already freaking out. Everyone seemed happy about the news, and I just didn’t want to think about it. Friday night was awful, I couldn’t stop feeling the anxiety and my eyes just wouldn’t close.Unfortunately for me it was Saturday, and at 8:00am we arrived at Republic Air Port in Farmingdale. My hands could stop sweating and it all got worst when Mr. Rey said that girls go first. I packed my stuff ready and got into the piper. My hands suddenly stopped sweating, it was a strange feeling I never felt before. I took off and landed all by myself and actually did pretty good. When I was in the ground I couldn’t believe what I’ve done. I asked myself what had happened to the old me. Where was the shy and afraid to change girl? That’s when I realize Mr. Rey had changed me he always used to push me just a little further and further each time. That’s when I realized I was definitely not the same girl.Sometimes we think people have nothing to do with what we turn out to be, but I can truthfully tell you Mr. Rey changed my life. I fell more confident and am sure that if I set my mind to something at the end ill taste the sweet feeling of accomplishment.

Vichy France. Deportation of Jews from France before the Second World Essay

Vichy France. Deportation of Jews from France before the Second World War - Essay Example The first part of the country was occupied by the Germans and was directly under their control. The Germans ruled the zone centering in Paris. The other area was still a free land under the control of the government of the country of France in which they had the right to rule that freely without the intervention of the German government. The free zone of the country was ruled by centering in Vichy. 1The French government of the free area of the country ruled from Vichy was named the Vichy France. The Vichy government of the country was to maintain law and order in the country as well as protect the Free State against the resistance of the German forces. 2The rule consists of period of four years. Though it was a free state it was under the shadow of the German rule and hence under the influence of the Nazism theories and beliefs. In the summer time of the year 1940, a series of what were called anti-Semitic measures were introduced in the area of Vichy France as it had its existence in the defeat of the country in the hands of the Nazis’ armies followed by the set of the collaboration policies that was urged by the country men of France during the period of the defeat. The German people, more specifically the then ruler of the country, Adolf Hitler was dead against the co existence of the Christians and the Jews in the same society. They had the feeling that the Jew were not socially suitable enough to live and enjoy the same facilities as the other people of the country could. They were considered the people of lower caste and social strata and hence forced out of the country and sometimes even punished severely without any guilt on their part however only for the reason that they were Jews by birth. The Jews were the people who were blamed by Hitler for the every misfortune that Germany experienced in previous periods and hence Adolf Hitler undertook a campaign to drive the Jews out of the country of Germany. This campaign of Hitler ultimately culminat ed in the holocaust3. Since the Vichy France had been ruling the country with the shadow of the Germans they also undertook campaigns in prosecution of the Jews from the country. Information from both the German government sources as well as the documents available from the Vichy France government provided trace regarding the vicissitudes of cooperation of France and Germany regarding the issue of the dealings with the Jews. The Vichy France government was proved to be the eager partner with the German in the persecution of the Jews.4 The Campaign in the Vichy France started in the summer of the year 1940 in which the government of the country with all its power and energy rested in their hands prosecuted the Jew residents out of their own homeland. The Jews of the country were driven out of Vichy France and from different public as well as private spheres of life of the country. A law was enforced in the region which clearly defined the identification of the Jews. Special discrimin atory measures were imposed for the Jews of the Vichy France by the government of the region of the country. The Jews were thrown in certain special camps within the country and their movements were restricted within those particular camp areas and certain specific regions outside of that however only in certain reassigned times. In the summer of the year 1942 the final solution of the problem regarding the Jews residents residing in France were provided by the German government. There raised cases of arrest of the Jews of the country along with certain internments and deportations of the Jews in areas of Poland. All these incidents happened in Vichy France under the administration of the French government of the country and with their complicity. The frequencies of these incidents were

Recycling of biological waste for local production of vegetables in Research Paper

Recycling of biological waste for local production of vegetables in Nairobi, Kenya - Research Paper Example These foci include: identifying locally relevant options; optimization of composting processes; organization of any waste handling that occurs; the homogeneity and safety of the generated products; and acceptance of the generated products by end users. Here it will be analyzed what roles soil, plants, and oxygen play in composting in rural communities such as the one described here. Usually, what happens with soil is that the moisture in composting tends to have various gases that are eliminated into the air due to organic elements having been introduced into the soil. â€Å"The moisture content of casts is an important driving force controlling the direction of nitrification–denitrification process, thus in dry– wet cycles, increases and decreases in ammonium and nitrate contents, respectively, may occur. Therefore, the decreases in water content of casts over time may favour the predomination of nitrification processes† (Aira, Monroy, & Dominguez, 2005, pp. 470 ). Additionally, plant life is especially important to composting organic elements within the soil. â€Å"The root basis of plants with an age of more than three years are places of ‘retreat’ for earthworms during the dry season when the soil completely dries out up to a depth of 1 meter and more†¦Within this rotting material, small numbers of epigeic living earthworms can be found† (Bierwirth, 2001, pp. 3). Oxygen is also a very important element in the composting process. â€Å"The results [of this study] are relevant to the supply of oxygen†¦to sediments for the phytopurification of waste waters, to the efflux of methane and carbon dioxide from wetlands, and to rice cultivation† (Armstrong & Armstrong, 2001, Abstract). II. Objectives (100 words) The main focus of the research proposal is much in the direction of safe handling of urban wastes, the processing and the quality of the end product as a soil amendment. As mentioned, the work is plann ed to take place in Nairobi. Some of the recent work on urban agriculture and waste recycling will be analyzed. This includes knowing what steps are necessary to take in composting, and how current research has helped inform the approach that will be taken. It is hoped that, with this research, third-world composting in rural Africa will become more widely-accepted and widely-adopted all over. III. Research Questions (1,250 words) Research Questions (50 words) Research questions include the following: a) What are locally relevant options? B) How can composting processes be optimized? c) How is waste handling organized? How homogenous and safe are the generated products? and d) What is the acceptance of the end products by the public? a. Locally Relevant Options for Vegetable Production in Nairobi (300 words) Locally relevant options include trying to control pests. Pests can affect crops, which can then make the problem of yield losses worse, when trying to produce cash crops. †Å"[P]ests may affect yield loss independently in natural farming, but in conventional paddies, multiple pest injury may interact synergistically, compounding yield loss† (Andow & Hidaka, 1998, Abstract). Another locally relevant option for vegetable production in Nairobi might be testing the soil. It is important to know what type of soil is being used for which

REITS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

REITS - Case Study Example In addition to that, it will access the SWOT analysis, as well as the PSTEL analysis. It will evaluate the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats under the SWOT analysis. On the other hand, it will access the political, social, technological and economical analysis of the Coca-Cola Company. The Company has been the most complex part of many countries' culture over a century. The recognizable branding of coca cola products is one of the company's greatest strengths; the image of its products is displayed on other goods like T-shirts and hats. In addition to that the bottling system is also strength; it allows them to conduct business on global scale and at the same time it maintains a local approach. The bottling partners are owned and operated by the independent business parties who are authorized to sell the products of the company. The coke does not have the outright ownership of its bottling network; its main source of profits is the sale of concentrate to its bottlers (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2008, p.208). The labour relations practices for the coca-cola company are among the best worldwide and are in a continuous motion to improve them. Coca-cola structure is one of the most greatly unionized multinational companies in the world with over thirty percent of workers belonging to unions. Its environmental practices are among the best in the planet yet they are still working to improve on them. The Coca- cola quality structure is a worldwide program involving all aspects of their business; every employee of Coca-Cola is empowered and anticipated to maintain the high standards of value in their products, relationships and processes. The company's quality system mandates in self-assessment throughout its operations, by all the business units (www.cocacola.com). This enhances the high standards of quality production of their goods. The company performs ingredient evaluation in their laboratories for example, precise analysis of fruit juices and all other ingredients sent by suppliers to the company's factory. Moreover, their processes undergo regular inspection in order to safeguard the water they are using in their production and packaging. Weaknesses: The coca cola company has recently reported some declines in unit case volumes in some countries like Indonesia and Thailand. This is due to the reduced consumer purchasing power. According to Cole (2006, p. 88), Japan is suppose to contribute to three times as much to profits. South East Asia, Latin America and Japan generate around 5% of the coke's volume but none, of them are performing to the expectation. Coca cola products have effects on the teeth, which is a significant health care issue. In addition to that, the sugar present in the coca

Psychology (personality and social psychology Essay

Psychology (personality and social psychology - Essay Example The three personality factors that were originally developed in the study of personality were (a)Neuroticism (b) Extraversion and (c) Openness to experience(Bell et al, 1972).. This was the original version of the Personality measurement Inventory that was referred to as the NEO (Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Inventory) Scale and was used as a part of studies conducted on ageing. Costa and McCrae (1985) examined competing personality theories and developed two additional traits. These two factors were Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Based upon this, they published their revised personality list which included all the five factors, ranking as equally important constituent elements of personality (Costa and McCrae, 1985). Moreover, each of these broad personality factors also comprised a set of separate dimensions within each. For example, the Neuroticism factor included such personality traits such as anxiety, depression, hostility, self consciousness, impulsiveness and vulnerability to stress. This was a reflection of the inner mental state of the individual. The extraversion factor is a personality measure of the degree of sociability in an individual’s personality. It comprises the qualities of warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking and positive emotion. The Openness personality factor comprises a range of internal attributes such as fantasy, feelings, ideas, actions, values and aesthetics. The Agreeableness factor developed by Costa and McCrae includes trust, straightforwardness, altruism, modesty, compliance and tender-mindedness. The last personality factor – Conscientiousness, includes the sub factors of Competence, order, dutifulness, self discipline, striving and achievement striving. Through an analysis of all of these major factors and the sub factors that comprise them, it is therefore possible to arrive at a detailed view of the

Hardins Argument Concerning Lifeboat Ethics Essay

Hardins Argument Concerning Lifeboat Ethics - Essay Example He also illustrates this fact with the example of a farmer, who cannot allow any more cattle in his meadow than its carrying capacity justifies. He argues that if a pasture is open to all, the right to use it will not be matched by a corresponding responsibility to protect it and it is not possible to expect everyone to use it with discretion. "In a crowded world of less than perfect human beings, mutual ruin is inevitable if there are no controls. This is the tragedy of the commons." (Hardin) Therefore, Hardin establishes his concept of 'the tragedy of the commons' in a highly convincing manner with ample illustrations and explanations and he maintains that an important task of education today should be the creation of an acute awareness of the dangers of the commons. One of the most significant interpretations of the arguments of Hardin concerning 'the tragedy of the commons' was offered by De Young in his article "Tragedy of the commons", in which the author comes up with serious criticisms of Hardin's arguments. According to De Young, Garrett Hardin's concept of the 'tragedy of the commons' has been important in understanding how humanity has come at the brink of several environmental catastrophes. He maintains that the dangerous situations in human life are the creations of the innocent behaviors of many individuals acting alone.

Executive summary of a research in memo format Essay

Executive summary of a research in memo format - Essay Example It increases the morale, provides better access to new market segments and develops the productivity level. The discrimination-and-fairness paradigm helps to increase the demographic diversity within an organisation which ensures fair treatment to employees. However, due to its principle of every employee being the same, pressure might create among employees for assuring that differences among them do not pose as an obstacle for achieving the organisational goals. Therefore, practical disagreements about work processes or strategies can be falsely interpreted due to the fairness and equal treatment principle followed in this method. Access-and-legitimacy method has evolved after the 1980s when multinational organisations expanded their operations in different communities. The method preferred demographic workforce for accessing with the different communities in enhancing their productivity and sales in different countries. Organisations using this method have the potential of competi tive advantage from the motivation derived based on the market. However, while entering different markets, organisations tend to focus more on the cultural diversity rather than analysing factors which differs the work process. Furthermore, organisations tend to rapidly position employees in between different communities without analysing their capabilities and competencies. Incorporation of the two methods gave rise to a modern method, learning-and-effectiveness paradigm which integrates employees’ perspectives while determining strategies, product demands and also cultures. It helps in motivating employees and acknowledges different cultures while respecting the value each culture possesses. Thus, I would recommend the modern method as it consists of characteristics and principles of both the other paradigms. The learning-and-effectiveness method will be appropriate for fulfilling the overgrowing tendencies of expanding businesses in multination. Factors Affecting the Metho ds However, certain factors should be taken into concern that affect and influence the time required for implementing the diversity programmes. Implementing diversity programmes is time consuming if employees are reluctant for embracing the changed process. Furthermore, the learning-and-effectiveness method will help to identify the employees’ perspectives in implementing the different strategies. As observed in the case of First Interstate Bank which decided to employ loan officers who held the college degrees. Others were hired as support staff and were never promoted. The decision gave rise to huge protests as many employees have been associated with the bank for several years and developed the required skills of loan officers through constant training. Ultimately, the unfolding reasons indicated that diversity was not based on race or culture but class of people, i.e. educational backgrounds. Therefore, repeated protests forced the bank to change its policies and integrat e the changed processes based on the employees’ perspectives. As a result, the diversity programmes were implemented but delayed. I would suggest you to consider the concerning factors significantly and make necessary changes for effectively and rapidly implementing the

Legislation and Regulatory Bodies Essay Example for Free

Legislation and Regulatory Bodies Essay Children Act 1989 This act acknowledged that children have rights and that their needs are paramount. Children Act 2004 This act was written as a result of the death of a child due to neglect. The act expressed that every child matters and identified outcomes for all children to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic wellbeing. Although every child matters there is no longer an official programme there are no plans to repeal the legislative framework behind the outcomes. Childcare Act 2006. This is important to home based child care and has presented a number of changes. These are: †¢ The Early Year’s Foundation Stage †¢ Ofsted registers †¢ Children centres and extended schools. †¢ Duty of local care authorities to ensure adequate childcare and information †¢ Free early years 3 4 year old funding. Equality act 2010 This brought together all earlier acts concerning equal opportunities. This guarantees that different groups of people are treated fairly .This includes men women, people of different races, disabled people, people with different religions or no religions, people of different ages, Lesbian gay and bisexual straight people and people who have changed their sex. It also ensures that child minder’s anticipate the needs of the families in their care and make sensible adjustments to ensure disabled children and their families can access their service. The Data Protection Act 1998 outlines the rules which protect the personal data of an individual and prevents information being passed on without their consent. In the case of children, their parents must give consent. Riddor 1995 This specifies that certain accidents and injuries must be reported by law. The main purpose of the regulations is to put together reports to the health and safety executive and to local authorities. Home based child minders have a duty to report deaths, major illness, reportable diseases And dangerous incidents Regulatory Bodies All child minders have to be registered with Ofsted. Ofsted are the regulatory body for child care education. They register and inspect all child care providers. Home based childcare (includes) †¢ Child minders †¢ Home based carers †¢ Nannies †¢ Childcare on domestic premises. Ofsted will carry out check on child minders and any person over the age of 16 years who live on the premises. They also carry out checks on child minder’s and their service, investigate following any complaint or concern and enforce action against child minders that do not meet the level of required standards of registration and action could be taken. Child minders caring for children from birth to 31st August after their fifth birthday will be placed on the Early Years Register which means they will be inspected against the welfare requirements of the EYFS; they are inspected within the first seven months and have inspections every three years. Child minders who care for children from 1st September following their fifth birthday up to the age of 8 will be placed on the compulsory part of the Ofsted childcare register. This means the child minders will be randomly chosen for inspection, Ofsted will inspect the child minder if they receive a complaint, they will be given little or no notice of these inspections and they will be inspected against the conditions for the childcare register. The early year’s foundation stage EYFS sets the standards all early years providers must meet to guarantee that children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. It encourages teaching and learning to ensure children’s school readiness. This gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provides the right foundation for a good future progress through their school life

Dealing With Global Income Inequality and its Consequences

Dealing With Global Income Inequality and its Consequences Tim Mulligan Problem Background: The passing of time has generally served to benefit many of the problems revolving international relations. As time has progressed, so have human development policies, international organizations and missions for global peacekeeping. Time has brought us to an era where nuclear weapons have made all-out war is obsolete, and where greater efforts towards controlling climate change are technologically possible. Time has not served the world’s income inequality well, though. Income inequality is one of international relations seemingly insurmountable obstacles and this can be attributed to several factors that have continuously plagued and complicated the issue. Although recent studies may report increases in the world’s average income within the past few decades, rates of economic inequality have largely remained the same. (Milanovic, para. ) Moreover, the income inequality rates of the world have risen seventeen percent since the year 1820 and only show signs of continuing this pattern. (â€Å"Breaking the Camels Back†) These global rates have experienced rises and falls in correlation to the well-being of the world’s economy, higher equality in positive economic times and lower equality in times of economic crisis. But, the explanation for why income inequality has fallen—and continues to fall—transcends the simple explanation of poor economy=poor economic equality and good economy=good economic equality. The worlds declining rate of equality is a product of a number of internal and international aspects including governmental policies, ethnic discrepancies, colonization and the earth’s limited re sources, all of which have undermined the financial equality of individuals for centuries. The complexity in the causality of this issue is what makes the development and implementation of appropriate international policies such a difficult task. It is also important to note that income inequality does not strictly affect individuals, but also has a large impact on states and furthermore the world as a whole. The income inequality of individuals within a state or nation will often be indicative of the state’s overall power and more importantly its stability. Everything from economic influence, military power, the standard of living, and political participation are byproducts of a state’s level of income inequality. This is because the individuals who experience this degree of poverty typically go unrepresented, either because the wealthy control the interests of the state or because they are under a dictatorship that does not allow them representation. Without equal representation politically and economically, states often face internal struggles with rebellion, constant regime changes, education, extreme poverty and even civil war. These are indicators of a â€Å"failed state†, which is a state in which the government is not in control of its citizens. This lack of stability can shut down government, international trading, national defense, human development and other things that are imperative not only to internal stability, but to relations with the rest of the world. Analysis of the Policy Problem: Several experts provide potential policy options for the improvement of global income inequality levels: Robert Muggah suggests that positive changes in income inequality and poverty are rooted in the structure and policies of urban city governments. He approaches the issue on the basis that the governments of dense urban cities have a more direct impact on the level of income inequality throughout the world than state governments. His emphasis is on communication between city mayors and citizens as well as communication and cooperation between poor cities and wealthy cities. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Muggah takes a liberal and very unique approach to the problem. In his expert opinion, he believes that local mayors need to be more receptive to the opinions of their citizens. This is in order to generate an agenda that better embodies the opinions of those who may go unrepresented because of their impoverished status. Muggah believes that the most commonly shared opinions may not in fact be the ones that are receiving treatment through policies and that a better line of communication between government and citizen could bring about more effective governing in regards to dealing with income inequality. (Muggah, Urban Rennaissance) Muggah also finds value in unifying wealthy cities with poor cities. He views this not only as a source of financial aid for struggling cities, but also as an opportunity for impoverished cities to observe potentially more effective income inequality policies. (Muggah, Urban Rennaissance) A second policy position to observe is that of David Dollar and Aart Kraay. They take a stance promoting the benefits of globalization as a means of lowering the level of income inequality throughout the world. They believe that many countries with high rates of income inequality are in such a state because they lack a connection with other, richer countries. They are losing the battle of income inequality internally without looking outward for opportunity and aid from other countries. Dollar and Kraay also stress the idea that the economic decisions of powerful countries play a huge role in the level of global inequality. (Dollar, Kraay, A Rising Tide) The primary point of Dollar and Kraay is that countries that are struggling with income inequality need to find opportunities in international trade and foreign investments. This is because the improvement of impoverished countries is at the will of the world’s more powerful countries. They believe that rich countries that deny economic integration with poor countries need to be dealt consequences or be convinced to do otherwise. Another theory of theirs is that poor countries need to construct governing systems that are consistent with the process of globalization. (Dollar, Kraay, A Rising Tide) Branko Milanovic maintains a viewpoint that is contradictory to Dollar and Kraay’s. Milanovic does not find globalism to generate the amount of wealth for a country that is necessary to bring it’s impoverished out of inequality. He stands firmly behind the idea that extreme capitalism has the greatest chance of decreasing the amount of global income inequality. His idea is that the generation of wealth and jobs from capitalists will in turn generate a larger pool of wealth and opportunities to be shared with the poor. (Milanovic, para. 11-20) Milanovic’s argument is that capitalism is an unstoppable force and that mitigating an individual’s desire for more wealth is impossible. Because of this, he believes that it is a better idea to employ capitalism for its economic growth advantages rather than push for individuals to redistribute their funds among the poor. With that said, Milanovic also calls for a reform in the mindset of the modern capitalist that focuses more on entrepreneurship and the saving of wealth rather than illustrious spending. He specifically refers to the winner-take-all attitude that capitalists have taken on since the 1980’s which he believes has caused wealthy businessmen to focus on personal growth rather than expansion that can benefit all. Milanovic finds that a country benefits more from internal wealth and job creation than becoming interdependent with other countries. (Milanovic, para. 13-21) Ryo Arawatari’s policy position is based on the effect that voter turnout has on the income inequality level of countries. Arawatari tested his theory that low voter turnout may have a negative impact on the level of income inequality in a country with a series of mathematical equations. (Arawatari, pg.32- 53)The results of his tests found that there is a significant negative relationship between the two, mathematically speaking. Arawatari proposes that perhaps income inequality could be lower if more citizens that were impoverished voted and provided themselves with representation regarding the distribution of wealth in their country. He also found that lower voter turnout (statistically) stunts a countries GDP growth rate which could in turn increase the level of inequality in the country. Although he does not specifically propose a change in policy, Arawatari analyses the value of voting and democracy as a potential factor to change the level of income inequality globally. (Arawatari, pg. 29-32) It is important to note the variety of policy positions that are presented. The experts that are cited have fairly different viewpoints in regards to addressing the problem of global income inequality. The two views that seem to contain similarities (if any) are Robert Muggah and Ryo Arawatari’s. Both of these experts advocate an increase in citizen-to-government involvement. Muggah promotes the value of communication between citizens and their local government officials and Arawatari promotes the value of the democratic vote. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) These are both solutions to global income inequality that rely on the internal processes of countries rather than their policies on foreign affairs. Branko Milanovic also proposes a solution that involves countries working from within their borders but he focuses on what wealthy capitalists can do to lower inequality rather than what the impoverished can do for themselves. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Branko Milanovic and David Dollar and Aart Kraay have the most conflicting policy stances. Milanovic belittles the value of globalization, which on the contrary Dollar and Kraay are strong proponents. They disagree not on whether globalization has a positive effect on global income inequality, but whether this affect is influential enough to cause a swift, significant and positive change in the problem. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Not only do they contradict each other on which policy provides the greatest reduction in income inequality, Milanovic goes as far as claiming that globalization will not produce results quickly enough. Milanovic includes timeliness as an important tool for the support for his argument which other experts did not appear to touch on. (Milanovic, pg.13-20) Robert Muggah may have the most unique position on the problem of global income inequality. His addressing of global inequality at the local government level provides a far different solution than other experts. As Milanovic, Arawatari, Dollar and Kraay champion policies that take place at the national or international level, Muggah has a grassroots approach which calls for change at the lowest level of government. Not only that, but his policy relies on a humanitarian and moral policy change while the other experts look more into more structural changes and globalization efforts. Muggah proposes working from the bottom up instead of the more popular policies which work form the top down to solve global income inequality. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Major Conclusions: The opinions of these experts are drastically different from one another in regards to their range of options and applicability. Robert Muggah’s serves as the most loosely applicable option. As a policy based simply on â€Å"better† communication between urban city mayors and citizens, the policy can hardly be called a policy, as there is no structural way to implement the idea either within a country or on an international level. This policy could only be applied to cities which are a part of democratic regimes and in states that have local governments. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Arawatari’s policy is much more comprehensive than it is ad hoc. Arawatari does not propose a structural policy either, he calls for an initiative to increase voter turnout which greatly limits the potential application for his ideology. This policy would also be limited to use in democratic regimes that have an electorate and even more specifically, states with low voter turnout. (Arawatari, pg.29) Milanovic is also proposes a fairly comprehensive policy that could only be exercised by a select group of countries, or individuals for that matter. His advocacy for extreme capitalism would only apply to countries that have a capitalistic economy which is a fairly small percentage of the countries which have high rates of income inequality. Also, the aspect of his argument that calls for modern capitalists to focus more on entrepreneurial values of job growth and distribution is not enforceable by government which limits its application. (Milanovic, para.13-20) Dollar and Kraays policy is the more as hoc of the group. Their advocacy for globalization is not only a policy that can be implemented in nearly every country, but it can also be instituted through the means of foreign policy efforts, economic interdependency and foreign investment. In promoting globalization, Dollar and Kraay are actually advocating the expansion of the applicability of their own policy. (Dollar. Kraay, A Rising Tide) The policies put forth by these experts have applications that would not yield results for a long period of time as income inequality and other such economic factors are not susceptible to quick changes. The complexity and depth of global income inequality alone could cause even the most successful policy to take a significant amount of time to impact the world. Arawatari and Muggah’s policies although being the most abstract of the policies, could yield the quickest results due to their more direct approach to increasing the representation of individuals who are impoverished. Muggah’s policy of communication between citizens and mayors could have an immediate effect on the representation of cities and their potential changes to help increase income equality depending on the legislatures of the city. If the legislature considers the opinions of the impoverished citizens then perhaps change can come about through statutes. (Muggah, Urban Renaissance) Arawatari’s policy of increased voter turnout can also bring about immediate changes in legislature or public figures that can provide for higher rates of income equality for the impoverished. Milanovic, Dollar and Kraay have more long term policies. Milanovics policy hinges upon the changing of the mindset of capitalists which may not be a goal to rely on as it is abstract. Also his advocacy for extreme capitalism would not generate an immediate change in income inequality because even if the mindsets of capitalists were to align right with his proposed ideal, these individuals could take decades to make an impact that would have an effect on an entire countries economy. (Milanovic, para. 9-20) Dollar and Kraays globalization policy would take the longest not only to implement, to take effect. Creating economic interdependency and expanding relations with other counties alone is a task, but the economic growth that would be expected to follow would take even longer. There are also many factors that can inhibit the policies continuity like war, terrorism and global economic crisis. References Arawatari, Ryo. Informatization, Voter Turnout and Income Inequality. Journal of Economic Inequality 7, no. 1 (2007): 29-54. Accessed April 27, 2015. doi:March 2009. Breaking the Camels Back. The Economist. October 4, 2014. Accessed April 15, 2015. http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21621908-what-impressive-work-economic-history-tells-you-about-inequality-breaking. Dollar, David, and Aart Kraay. Spreading the Wealth. Foreign Affairs. January 1, 2002. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/57626/david-dollar-and-aart-kraay/spreading-the-wealth. Milanovic, Branko. Inequality and Its Discontents. Foreign Affairs. August 12, 2011. Accessed March 28, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68031/branko-milanovic/inequality-and-its-discontents. Muggah, Robert. Fixing Fragile Cities. Foreign Affairs. January 15, 2015. Accessed March 20, 2015. http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/142760/robert-muggah/fixingfragile-cities

Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels Essay -- Jonathan Swift Gullivers

Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels In Gulliver’s travels I think that Jonathan Swift is trying to show people what human society is really like. He does this through 4 voyages each to a different imaginary place, where the people are a satire of a different aspect of human society, and in each voyage Swift is telling us what he thinks of human society through what Gulliver says, and what he sees. Many people have described the book negatively for example William Thackeray, an 1850’s novelist described it as, â€Å"Filthy in word, filthy in thought, furious, raging, obscene,† and indeed over the two and a half centuries since it was first published it has caused a lot of controversy and has divided opinions. Gulliver’s first voyage is to a place called Lilliput. The Lilliputians are small people, about 6 inches high, and this is a metaphor for their small-mindedness. Gulliver criticises the way the Lilliputians elect their ministers- by doing circus tricks, â€Å"†¦with a dance on the rope and whoever jumps the highest succeeds in office.† This quote is showing that Swift is annoyed that people have to ‘jump through hoops’ to get into office. This is one of the stupid laws in Lilliput. This is like politics in the 18th century and even now, in that the rich were the only ones in parliament in the 18th century, and now it is mostly the rich in parliament because they are the only ones who can finance a campaign. Another law is no urinating in the palace. When a fire breaks out in the palace Gulliver does not want it to burn down, â€Å"This magnificent palace would have infallibly been burned to the ground,† so he urinates on it to put it out. Then the king of lilliput makes several articles against Gulliver. This... ...like the ‘quack’ doctors, and the drunks who use all their family’s money on alcohol. Also, swift shows the flaws of mankind and wants to improve it. I know this because he wrote about good people like the Brobdignagians and the Houyhnhnms, as I said before. Swift also only tells us about what has happened to him, so if he has only had bad experiences with, for example politicians, then he can only make bad comments about them. However, Gulliver doesn’t tell us about any good people in England at the time, or any good experiences he had had with people, he focuses on the bad. In conclusion, I think that Jonathan Swift is not misanthropic in his presentation of human society because he only comments on what he knows, and his main aim is to make the world better, and the best way to do this it to tell people in simple terms, in a story of a popular genre.

On Religion: Rhetorical Devices :: English Literature Essays

on Religion: Rhetorical Devices In Twilight of the Idols Nietzsche discusses his views on Christianity, other philosophers, and authors of his time. Nietzsche’s main focus, however, is on Christianity and how its actions and views are means to an end. He uses eloquent diction that sometimes loses the reader (he makes up for his articulate word usage with elementary sentences which describe his views very efficiently) along with syntax which is very informal - for the time - to describe his views on subjects quite exquisitely. His logic is the logic which is always right; he never contradicts himself or makes a statement without support. Nietzsche’s use of rhetorical strategies [i.e. diction, syntax, and figures of speech] helps him to make his points and support them in a style which help him attain his underlying goal: to make the reader think. Nietzsche uses an elevated level of diction to help him achieve his purpose, he uses Latin in many passages to make the reader look to the bottom of the page and thus think about what he is proposing. His combination of elevated diction along with deductive reasoning can sometimes lose the reader, but just as fast as the reader is lost Nietzsche offers forth a formula which helps the reader follow his thinking. Nietzsche believes that a person’s "virtue is the consequence of happiness," or that a person’s emotions are the product of their beliefs. Nietzsche’s uses consequence to mean something more like cause than effect. He interchanges monosyllabic and polysyllabic - in the form of metaphors - words in connotation to sometimes differ the reader from the beaten track of thinking. He believes in a set course "that he became ill, that he failed to resist the illness," for humans and that they cannot deter from it (this is very far left in a time of conservative Eu ropeans, late 19th century). Even in his "formulas" Nietzsche’s meaning is not as straight forward as it seems. It seems that he believes that individuals genetically are means to an end, but this is more of a metaphor for humanity, or that humanity is their own means to an end. Nietzsche use interesting syntax to evoke thought from his reader. His dependent clauses (in this excerpt, but not in others) relate back to the main clauses causing the reader to re-read the sentence or begin to formulate their own ideas (based upon what they just read).

The Impact of Smallpox on the New World Essay -- American America Hist

The Impact of Smallpox on the New World    Transportation and migration has been important to Homo sapiens since the time of the hunter-gatherer. Humans have used the different methods of transportation since this time for a number of reasons (i.e. survival in the case of the hunter-gatherer, to spread religion, or in order to search for precious minerals and spices). What few of these human travelers failed to realize is that often diseases were migrating with them. This essay will look at the spread of the disease smallpox. In the following I hope to reveal the history of smallpox as well as why it devastated the New World. In order to understand the history of smallpox one first has to understand how diseases like it evolve. Much like other species, diseases that survive in the long run are the microbes that most effectively reproduce and are able to find suitable places to live. For a microbe to effectively reproduce, it must "be defined mathematically as the number of new infected per each original patient." This number will largely depend on how long each victim is able to spread the virus to other victims (Diamond, 198). Besides reproduction, a microbe needs a suitable environment to survive. In most cases this environment is a large animal population. With this type of environment a microbe is able to survive by, ironically, not killing everyone off. If a population is small and dense, the microbe will spread to all the animals in the immediate area and, if lethal, kill the entire species off. This not only ends the existence of the animal in this immediate population, but the existence of the microbe since it has no carrier to leach itself to. Therefore, the ideal population for a deadly microbe is a population t... ...nt of the Western Hemisphere. Today, for example, Jamaica, the Bahamas, Haiti, Cuba, and Puerto Rico all have substantial or predominantly black populations in place of indigenous Indians lost to smallpox." (Thomson, 122) This, in turn, lead to the triangle slave trade, which produced the largest level and wide spread practice of slavery ever seen. Many historians agree that these turn of events could not have happened without smallpox. This single microbe not only changed the population makeup of the New World, but forever changed the New World culture and economy. Sources 1) Diamond, Jared, "Ch. 11: Lethal gift of livestock," in "Guns, Germs, and Steel" W.W. Norton & Co, 1997, ISBN 0-393-03891-2, pp. 195-214 2) Thomson, Mark. "Junior Division Winner: The Migration of Smallpox and Its Indelible Footprint on Latin American History". The History Teacher. 1998.

Evolutionary Explanations of Food Preference Essay

Evolution is the change in inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. The environment our early ancestors lived in must be understood to understand why they adapted to certain behaviours or characteristics. This environment is known as EEA (environment of evolutionary adaption). Natural history and science have found that our species has spent much of its life as hunter-gatherers so by looking at their role we can investigate food preferences from an evolutionary perspective. Early human diets consisted of what was around them at the time and what pressured them to eat it. Humans had a preference for fatty foods as it would have been adaptive as conditions in the EEA meant that energy resources were vital to survive until the next meal. In addition calories were not as plentiful and therefore fatty foods were vital. Gibson and Wardle conducted a food preference study by observing the food choices made of children. Children naturally preferred more calorific foods, suggesting the food choices to be innate as children have not been exposed much to other influences such as social or cultural factors as other age groups. On the other hand fatty foods have been proven harmful if eaten in excess and therefore counters the claim that they are beneficial, as a diet on fatty foods would not be possible for survival. However, early humans did not live to the age of humans today and it is in the later age where diseases come as a result of excess fatty foods. Human preference for meat is said to have occurred due to the large decline in forestry 2 million years ago as the nutritional source declined. Meat is rich in nutrients and therefore appropriate alternative food consumption. The diet consisted of mainly the brain and liver and kidneys as they were rich in nutrients. Foley and Lee compared primate eating strategies with brain size, and found those eating meat had larger brain size and greater intelligence then primates who didn’t eat meat. This tells us that it was evolutionarily favoured to eat meat as it allowed us to grow in intelligence and become who we are today. In addition, Stanford also found that when observing other primates eat, they would eat the brain or bone marrow. This supports human preference for meat as early humans also ate meat such as the brain due to its high content of nutrients. Never the less both these supporting studies both used other primates than humans to identify early human diets and eating behaviours. This however may not be generalizable as the differences between humans and other primates could be our food preferences, resulting in poor external validity. Although it is particularly impressive if a range of findings in different species are consistent. Taste aversion also known as bait shyness is a form of food preference derived from an adaptive response to food which is bad for you. The development of taste aversion is adaptive as it prevents the organism from eating foods which were harmful, and as taste aversion is still possible 24hrs after eating the food it allows slow releasing toxins or poisons from being detected. In contrast animals can be seen to have a preference for foods which have medicinal or beneficial properties. Garcia found when a specific flavour is presented with a thymine to a thymine deficient rat the rat acquires a taste towards the flavour, supporting the role of taste aversion in supplying food preference. Furthermore Seligman claimed different species evolved different learning abilities, which was called biological preparedness, which allows each species to find associations more easily than others depending on if it helps them survive. This evolutionary theory states that food preference is determined based on our innate characteristics which have helped us survive as a species. It fails to consider the current environmental or social factors such as the effect of cultural factors. For example our innate food choices do not cover our broad range of food likes and dislikes such as in the eastern world they have a large preference for spicy food but in the UK often it is not the case. Furthermore mood has been seen to affect food preference, such as Garg et al found when in a sad mood people eat more sweet snacky foods however in a happy mood more likely to eat healthy foods.

Reality Television: Good or Bad Essay

Most teens perceive reality television programs in different views and for different reason. Teens even have different reactions to viewing these reality television programs whether it is a negative reaction or positive reaction. Parents never consciously think of how the impact on these programs or what their teen is really watching until they become involved. Some parents view these programs and think they are too influential and ban the programs from the home (the strict parent). Other parents indulge with their teen’s life and want to know what they are watching to relate and provide guidance to them. Is it possible to be either parent or both? It is easy to point the finger and believe that someone is taking your teen away with false envisions. While reality television can provide false envisions, parents should be involved in watching reality television programs with their teens because it provides them entertainment, teens will subconsciously hear their parents guidance while watching these programs, and it allows them to make a sound judgment on their own character. Why do teens really watch reality television programs? Popular reality television programs such as Bad Girls Club, American Idol, Love Games, America’s Top Model, and the list could go on, have one thing in common they provide entertainment for teens and pre-teens. These reality programs provide an entertaining way for these teens to share their views in school, and it is part of their social lives at some degree. The teens are able to connect with their friends and discuss these programs either to laugh at their ridiculous morals on the show, their likes and dislikes, or even whom they feel they relate more to. It is a form of connectedness to these teens. Connectedness is defined as the â€Å"level of intensity of the relationship(s) that a viewer develops with the characters and contextual settings of a program in the para-social television environment;† the higher the connectedness, the more involved the viewer is with the program and characters (Russell et al., 2004). (â€Å"The Appeal of Reality Television For Teen a nd Pre-Teen Audiences,† 2011) Teens find themselves relating and having a social-life in school, on social websites such as Facebook and Twitter, and they are able to communicate via text or phone conversations. Of course the parents are not happy with some of the programs but it is nice to know what our teens are watching so that we can be in tune with how are teens are developing. With the continued popularity of reality television among young viewers, it is vital to identify pre-teen and teen audiences who not only watch a reality program but have a high level of connectedness to it. Connectedness extends beyond just viewing the program and involves further engagement—posting on social networking sites, for instance, or buying products placed on the show. (â€Å"The Appeal of Reality Television For Teen and Pre-Teen Audiences,† 2011) The punch-lines of these reality television programs provide an addicting and exciting rush full of tense drama and romance that teens thrive for. As parents, we watch these programs to see how the teen is relating to these programs, possibly to see if there is potential belief in what they see. Just like typical movies there is slight distortion to what is real. Even with reality television programs there is distortion to the time things that could take months or years to accomplish happens in about a week on these reality television programs. Reality television programs are set up to gear to the audience and if it means giving the audience what they want than they go to any means necessary to keep their ratings up. Two key factors keep our interest and entertain us. One factor, we watch the tense drama or suspense week after week to gain entertainment. Watching reality TV is like watching a traffic accident. The ordinary reality show is just glass shattered on the highway, fire trucks, stretchers, the Jaws of Life. Occasionally a show is so unbelievable it is like watching a car filled with children from the inner city going to a Fresh Air Fund camp slam a minivan full of widows and orphans on their way to play the slots in Atlantic City (Kitman, 2008). The other factor is humiliation, which is a key to reality television programming. People who are in these programs are real people who are trying to get their fame, even if it is for a season or day. They could care as much of the humiliating experience they are on national television (Kidman, 2008). With these factors in mind it is easy for teens to be entertained by these programs. In fact, adults watch these programs as entertainment as well. The issue is the extreme will the producers realize the stopping point? They will not, the viewers are the ammunition. A parent has the ability to watch these programs as a mentor with their teens, if not with him or her, behind the scenes, to stay up on what is going on to stay ahead of the times to relate to their teens. Parents most scary thought is watching their teens turn into young women and men. How can we still be the parent who is cool and still teach our teens? Being active, it is easy to fall into our everyday busy lives and not even see what can be prevented. Being active does not mean be that stalking mother or father but proactively know what is going on in your teen’s era or generation. Romantically themed Reality television programs can be a struggle when teens are seeing different perceptions on how love is being perceived. Studies show that teens who view these shows male or female it has a negative impact on the sexual desires of the teen. Whatever happened to the old way of being lifetime friends and falling in love? A romantically themed reality television program becomes one of those television programs that not only entertain but it entices the teen to sexual conversation and risk. The studies show that teen girls are more prone to have the connectedness and conversation with their friends, and the males are more pressured into having sex (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2011). Parents should take the time to view these programs, to at least get a summary of the topics in the programs to actively be involved in what their teen is instilling subconsciously. Sex can be a subject that we may not want to face with our teens, but it is happening daily. Showing the teen that these shows are a mere false pretense of a relationship and being open to this conversation will give the teen that opportunity to see the reality of it and still feel that they are in control. Having the awareness that the sexual communication in these television programs will be increased, parents can effectively have an intimate conversation to present to the teen there are risks involved and there is exaggeration in what they are viewing in the entertainment world of these programs. Studies show that the main reasons the teens watch these romantic themed reality television programs is to entertain or escape, habit, mood- regulating motives, peer connectedness, and peer conversation (Vandenbosch & Eggermont, 2011). Parents can use this knowledge to assist in relating to the teen and providing different outlets to steering them in different directions to keep the grounded and equipped with the knowledge needed. Entertainment is evident to allow teens to be ent ertained knowing the difference between real and exaggeration. In escape allow them to watch these with alone to capture their own view without influence. Allowing the individualism will create that moment of individuality after parent did his or her job. Habitual viewing of these shows their dedication to the show and how well they connected to the characters or moral. It shows they are anticipating on the results or ending. Mood regulating motives shows that if they had a long hard day the relief of some entertainment relieves them from that stress and can watch carelessly, a reality television program for a quick laugh or escape from the stress they encountered. Peer connectedness is where the teen can compare with their friends the results of the final thoughts of the episode they have viewed. We do that effortlessly during and after a show or program of any sort, even a movie. Conversation amongst teens can be intense depending on the show they viewed or watched. This could be anywhere from a sexual conversation to a little comparison in the fight that took place on a show. Teens watch reality television for a numerous reasons, but they are also smart enough to know right from wrong. Teens are equipped with wisdom and knowledge f rom their parents and will use and compare a lot of that information to make their own mistakes. Knowing this information the teen can make a sound decision and with process of elimination can actively be a popular teen and still pick out of these reality programs life lessons that will carry them in their future. Shows like Jerry Springer, Bad Girls Club, America’s Top Model, and American Idol are all reality shows with different messages to the public. Some of the messages are negative or positive. â€Å"Teens are naturally curious about other people’s lives and want to know how their own lives compare,† she says. And they often look to reality shows for answers. Young people also tend to watch shows with older characters to learn what it will be like when they get to that age, according to David Bickham, Ph.D., staff scientist at the Center on Media and Child Health at Children’s Hospital Boston (Is Reality TV Messing With Your Head?, 2012). Parents’ job is never finished, the thought that was my teen instilled with good moral? Have I done all I could to build my teens esteem and character? These questions and more are parent’s dreaded questions because they do not want to fail as parents. Reality these reality television programs are meant for entertainment and to give an idea of how life could be. The factor of exaggeration is considered by the teen. The biggest question is where is my teen’s mindset? Teens have a connection with these reality television programs not so much to mirror what they see but to communicate with others including the parent. The degree of influence these shows have might depend on how you feel about yourself, not just how you feel about the characters you see on TV. â€Å"If a teen is struggling with self-esteem issues, he might adopt some of these attention-getting behaviors to get recognition,† says Gottlieb. â€Å"If, however, you’re confident in yourself and have positive sources of attention, such as sports or theater or good friends, you’ ll probably see the Kardashians or The Situation as ridiculous, not role models (Is Reality TV Messing With Your Head?, 2012). What parents instill in the teen will determine the outlook of the teen ad how much the parent will have to work with their teen. Reality television programs can be entertaining and educational, and can open up new worlds for kids and teens, giving them a chance to travel the globe, learn about different cultures, and gain exposure to ideas they may never encounter in their own community (University of Michigan Health System, 2010). â€Å"Reality shows are not meant to inform or educate (like news), not produced in order to persuade or influence (like political advertisements), and do not necessarily or instinctively evoke negative feelings in subjects when used by researchers as a stimulus as media violence, pornography, or death metal lyrics do. Even though reality television can provide false envisions, parents being involved in watching reality television programs with their teens provides them entertainment, they will hear your guidance on what is being viewed, and it allows th em to make a sound judgment on their own character. When you actually think about all the reasons reality television programs are viewed they seem to all tie together. Reality television programs create that momentum for teens to be informed, entertained, and allowing them to create their own reality as an adult. Teen’s motives are not always as they seem. They may start off showing a negative response to the programs and then flip and show positive responses just to interacting with others and gaining that chance to be their own and make decisions. Enabling teens to watch the reality programs they are able to communicate what they viewed and have the social life. Teens are also able to view these reality programs with a critical eye to take the bitter with the sweet with every show to be their own judge. Finally just to have that great entertainment moment in a day is worth laughing, relating to, or even comparing to. Are you a parent finally realizing that teens are going to view these programs and make mistakes that are at times difficult to witness. Parents being involved with their teens although will be difficult will overcome the storm they will encounter but it will be worth the fight in the end. References Is Reality TV Messing With Your Head? (2012, Nov/Dec). Scholastic Choices, 28(3), 12-17, 6p. Kitman, M. (2009, May-August). How Reality Works†¦ New Leader, 92(3/4), 35-36. Schaefer, N., & Rosen, C. (2011, August). Myths and Reality TV†¦ Christianity Today, 55(8), 74. The Appeal of Reality Television for Teen and Pre-Teen Audiences. (2011, March). Journal of Advertising Research, 51(1), 288-297. University of Michigan Health System. (2010, August). Television and Children. Retrieved from http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/tv.htm Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2011. October). Temptation Island, The Bachelor, Joe Millionaire : A Prospective Cohort Study on the Role of Romantically Themed Reality Television in Adolescents’ Sexual Development. Journal Of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(4), 563-580. doi:10. 1080/08838151.2011.620663

BLENZ Coffee case study Essay

BLENZ Company Profile BLENZ Coffee is a Canadian concatenation of franchise java stores. BLENZ was founded in Vancouver in 1992. and has grown to over 82 franchises in six states. Soon the bulk of locations are located in British Columbia. with 35 international shops in the United Arab Emirates. Kuwait. the Philippines. China and Japan. BLENZ is chiefly a java store. but besides serves a assortment of hot and cold drinks. sweets. and assorted nutrient points such as wraps and sandwiches. BLENZ SWOT Analysis Strengths: Extensive drink bill of fareLarge nutrient and sweet choice compared to competitionFree Internet at 41 java house locationsTalented baristas ( coffee-maker. servers )Quality java bean and teasCanadian-ownershipAdvanced drink developmentLarge java housesAlternate to trade name leaderConsistency Failings: No clear trade name wayNo clear values or missionAssorted messaging. excessively many claimsContradictory aspirationsNo consistent communicating tone. linguistic communication. modeNo consistent communicating imagination. typography. designLess consistence across mercantile establishments compared to rivalsLess focused on experienceUnknown company history and backgroundFranchisee-operated Opportunities: Showcase largest bill of fare of most java housesIncrease consciousness of frequent advanced drinksEmphasize talented and award-winning baristasCanadian owned and operated ( started in Vancouver )Alternate to planetary java house ironss. something different Consistent experience of a concatenation. with the ambiance of a local coffeehouse A batch of action at java houses Menaces Competition from better-known java housesCoffee houses with better locationsCompeting java houses companies with higher quality merchandises Competing java houses companies with higher sensed quality Competing java house companies with higher sensed position Independent java houses Chain java housesCheap java housesInstantaneous java or complimentary java at work or concerns Cafes with larger bill of fare choiceStatus in in-between land between trade name leader and independent coffeehouse Peoples doing java and drinks at place There are many grounds for BLENZ Coffee’s success so far ; and this comes from their will to hold convenient locations for the Customer. Furthermore. their merchandises are of the highest quality and their service continues to convey people back. BLENZ’s HistoryBLENZ COFFEE opened its first shop in February 1992 on the corner of Robson and Bute Street in Vancouver. British Columbia. The first BLENZ shop was to be a proving land to guarantee that the construct and systems were strong plenty to turn and vie with other international ironss. The laminitiss of BLENZ COFFEE are Brian Noble. Sarah Moen and Geoffrey Hair. each conveying his ain personal strengths and combined conveying a wealth of concern experience to BLENZ COFFEE. The success of BLENZ COFFEE’S foremost shop and the founders’ committedness to instruction and criterions made franchising a natural pick. Today BLENZ now has 61 shops in British Columbia and besides operates internationally in Japan and the Philippines. BLENZ’s PhilosophyBLENZ COFFEE is a premium retail merchant of handmade javas. whole foliage teas. Belgian hot cocoa and other advanced and delightful forte drinks. From the start. the laminitiss of BLENZ COFFEE have ever had a passion for quality. This passion is reflected in our committedness to utilizing merely reliable. premium ingredients in their drinks. All BLENZ drinks are made in-store from merely the highest quality ingredients available. It is this committedness to functioning quality drinks. prepared with attention and attending by their extremely trained baristas. in a warm and modern-day environment that has fuelled BLENZ COFFEE’S growing from its origin. BLENZ’s MerchandisesBLENZ COFFEE are retail merchants of high quality whole bean javas. beautiful whole foliage organic teas and premium Belgian cocoa drinks to call but merely a few of their merchandise offerings. They are known as experts at reliable readying methods and handmade drinks. They are non merely purveyors of exciting and advanced drinks ; they besides offer a fabulous choice of adust goods. breakfast. tiffin and bites. among other delightful dainties to allure Customers. BLENZ: How to experience concerned by future They are cognizant of this fact which is that today’s universe could non be more unsure. Unemployment continues to lift ; the stock market continues to fall. BLENZ take control of the hereafter of unemployed valuable people. with their calling chances. BLENZ: How to experience concerned by Canadian’s life styleEven in the face of economic uncertainness. consumers still demand their favorite low-cost luxuries like premium java and tea. Canada’s java market is a $ 3 Billion Dollar industry. Coffee is still the most popular drink in Canada – and 2nd merely to H2O. of all drinks consumed among grownups 25 and older. And choice teas. are besides quickly deriving in popularity. BLENZ premium javas and teas are 2nd to none. They give people their opportunity to prehend the chance to bask their life style and net incomes with a successful BLENZ COFFEE franchise. BLENZ: How to unite Career Opportunities and Safety Fulfil your long held dream to have your ain concern. and truly be the Boss – without all the test and mistake that goes into a new concern venture. BLENZ helps you pull off the hazards and go a leader in your local concern community. BLENZ COFFEE stores are known as merriment. and fast paced societal environments. They’re besides a unafraid preparation land for kids to derive autonomy and pride as immature enterprisers. BLENZ: The will of being everywhereBLENZ has chances in both established and new markets they are doing available for the first clip. You can develop one shop. Or you may wish to be considered for an Area Development chance to open several shops in a Territory. Typical shops costs range from $ 225. 000 to $ 400. 000. depending on shop size. BLENZ: Festival & A ; Events spouse Vancouver FilmFestival Fringe Festival BLENZ & A ; Harbour Cruises BLENZ & A ; The Beat 94. 5FM Matcha PhotoContest

Possible Exam Questions Elizabeth Essay

‘Tudor monarchs experienced more failures than successes in dealing with religion in England in the years 1547 to 1587.’ Assess the validity of this view. Students may refer to some of the following material in support of the claim that religious Policies were successful: †¢ after 1549 there were no rebellions against the religious changes introduced during Edward VI’s reign †¢ Religious changes in Mary’s reign enjoyed popular support in most parts of the country †¢ Over the course of thirty years there was a gradual acceptance of the religious changes introduced by the Elizabethan Settlement †¢ ‘Puritan’ opposition to the Elizabethan Settlement had become weak by 1588. Nevertheless, there are a number of other factors to consider: †¢ Religious changes had helped to bring about rebellion in 1549 †¢ Religious change in Mary’s reign had been resisted by Protestant martyrs †¢ There was continued evidence of Catholic survivalism under Elizabeth, especially in The north, which witnessed a rebellion in 1569 which was largely religious in origin †¢ There was opposition to the Elizabethan Settlement from those who had felt that it had not gone far enough. Furthermore, students may legitimately point out that the powers of enforcement of religious Policy were variable, as they were dependent on the support of local officials who might not always have been completely supportive of the policies themselves. Historiographical approaches are not required to answer this question effectively. However, the effective deployment of perspectives derived from historians such as Duffy, Haigh, Collinson and Lake are likely to show skills of a high order. In conclusion, students may conclude that governments enjoyed mixed fortunes in their attempts to promote religious change. To what extent did royal authority decline in the years 1547 to 1558? Students may refer to the following to support the case that royal authority  was undermined: †¢ The frequency of rebellion, including the contribution of the rebellions of 1549 to the downfall of Somerset †¢ The extent to which royal authority might have been hamstrung by Edward’s minority, in particular through the actions of Somerset †¢ The extent to which both monarchs faced open opposition to their religious policies †¢The extent to which royal authority might have been undermined by Mary’s marriage to Philip of Spain. Nevertheless, there are a number of other factors to consider which suggest that royal authority might not have been undermined: †¢ Religious reforms under Edward VI, whilst undoubtedly unpopular, were pushed through ruthlessly †¢ The legitimate succession was upheld in 1553, despite the machinations of Edward VI and Northumberland †¢ In many respects Mary can be seen to have been a successful ruler †¢ Mary’s legacy to Elizabeth was, in many respects, positive. Furthermore, students may explore some of these issues within a historiographical framework, though this is not required. This might apply especially to recent revisions of the reign of Mary. In conclusion, students should offer evaluations which draw on a balance of arguments for and against the loss of authority by the mid-Tudor monarchs. The rebellions which occurred during the reigns of Edward VI and Mary I were mainly political in origin.’ Assess the validity of this view. Candidates may refer to some of the following material in support of the claim that the rebellions were primarily political: †¢ local political antagonisms seem to have been at the root of the East Anglian rebellions †¢ it is difficult to separate out the western rebels’ religious motives from their political distaste for the regime †¢ Wyatt’s Rebellion seems to have been primarily focused on the desire to prevent Queen Mary from marrying Philip of Spain. Nevertheless, there are a number of other factors to consider: †¢ the western rebels were primarily motivated by their resentment at the scale of the attack on popular religious practices †¢ the demands of the western rebels,  whilst mostly religious, are also couched in a language which seems to indicate a significant level of class antagonism †¢ both the western and East Anglian rebels had significant social and economic motives †¢ it has recently been argued that conservative religious sentiments were present amongst the East Anglian rebels †¢ the overtly political motivation of Wyatt and many of his fellow rebels was reinforced by the popular Protestantism of some of his followers. In conclusion, candidates may differentiate between motivation for the various rebellions.

Justification of Hacking into Websites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Justification of Hacking into Websites - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that most hackers state that they hack into websites not as criminals but as interested parties seeking to identify flaws in computer systems or reveal certain information. By hacking, they claim, it becomes possible for computer security firms to prevent or rectify any damaging security leaks. However, due to the side effects of hacking and the damages it causes to computer firms’ images and business, questions have arisen on the issue of justification for hacking and activities. While others insist that hacking can never be justifiable, others believe it is a justifiable practice, depending on the reasons for which it is done. Among the reasons cited for the justification of hacking are to improve the quality of computer/website products, for artistic expression, as political statements, and to uncover expose criminal activities such as corruption and other government or corporate malpractices. In hacking into technology companies su ch as AT&T, which deals with millions of peoples’ data worldwide, hackers believe they compel these companies to ensure that they have tamperproof systems that keep their clients’ data confidential. Therefore, hackers are a watchdog for the public on the security weaknesses of technology firms. Hacking is thus justifiable since it addresses the vulnerabilities inherent in technology products that expose clients’ confidential information. Hacking could also be justifiable if it exposes illegal political activities by discredited groups. In addition, hacking may be justified if it reveals certain publicly important information, which the public is denied by governments, organizations, or politicians. Importantly, hackers reveal malpractices and criminal activities that may be happening without the knowledge of the public and the law enforcement agencies. Â  

SEE THE INSTRUCTIONS BEWLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SEE THE INSTRUCTIONS BEWLE - Essay Example According to Plato, by lying to the inferiors, the superiors gain more control over society so they are able to restore law and order in an otherwise lawless society. Plato believes that lying in this case is noble since the inferiors need something to believe in for them to be guided. For Plato, the leaders must have a means to control the masses and such means may be a â€Å"collectively useful† lie. The general idea of a noble lie is that the leaders formulate the â€Å"collectively useful† lie and the let the people believe in it and benefit from it. Yet, the question now is whether or not the benefit that the people get from the lie is greater than the evil that may accompany that lie. According to Kuznicki, a lie will always be a lie and may have both positive and negative consequences. When the lie brings about positive consequences, the lie may be useful but if the light brings nothing but destruction, it becomes something that is unethical. There are many arguments regarding the advantages and disadvantages of having our leaders lie to us. One of the main advantages is that if a lie that carries with it a positive note, the people who believe in the lie will follow the suggestions made by the leaders. For example, as pointed out by Kuznicki, a person who believes in his religion sincerely will stick to that religion even if others will try to tell him that his religion is a fake. Since the person truly believes that his religion is real, he is more likely to follow the teachings of his church. If the teachings of his church are good, then this person will become a good citizen. Fear for punishment and respect for their religion often keep people from doing something that is against the teachings of their church. The concept of heaven and hell in many religious sectors has often deterred people from committing sins. In this case, even if the teaching of

Resume and cover letter assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Resume and cover letter - Assignment Example As such, I am particularly interested in the practical application of science. This is because, through science and engineering, I can be able to develop a logical approach to determinations of various mechanical problems. Moreover, engineering provides me with the opportunity to apply various theories and techniques that can be used to tackle and provide solutions to mechanical problems. Moreover, the fact that I am always excessively fascinated with the functioning of machines has also made develop the interest of practicing mechanical engineering. In fact, during my younger years, I usually dismantled my toys with the aim of learning how the machines functioned and integrated. Quite surprisingly, I found out that changing various aspects of the machines such as motor transmission would alter or lead to a modification of how the toy operated. As I grew up, this interest developed even further and I thus started of working on relatively bigger machines such as my mountain bike and my father’s old broken motorcycle. I was intrigued by complexity of the integration and functioning of the several parts of the machinery. This made me develop an understanding of how machines works in terms of converting electrical, kinetic, or man power into movement. My choice to major in Mechanical Engineering was therefore facilitated by my liking of Maths and Physics as well a s an intense curiosity of knowing how the machines integrated and functioned. Career planning is an important factor that can enable an individual to attain success more so after the completion of the undergraduate degree. Essentially, CP 101 played a big role towards influencing me on opting to choose mechanical engineering as my career of choice. At school, due to my high performance and interest in maths and physics, many professors, including my calculus professor, recommended that I should consider becoming a maths tutor. I took this suggestion